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index c8a6d46..0511620 100644
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+      "source": "fallback",
+      "vertices": 1050,
+      "position": 9078768,
+      "normal": 9091368,
+      "lightHeight": 9103968,
+      "index": 9108168,
+      "indexCount": 1704,
+      "indexType": "uint16",
+      "box": [
+        3988.15966796875,
+        -517.4783325195312,
+        2155.44775390625,
+        4521.677734375,
+        -457.1512451171875,
+        2712.47412109375
+      ],
+      "sphere": [
+        4254.918701171875,
+        -487.3147888183594,
+        2433.9609375,
+        339.6448559309977
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "fallback",
+      "vertices": 1530,
+      "position": 9111576,
+      "normal": 9129936,
+      "lightHeight": 9148296,
+      "index": 9154416,
+      "indexCount": 2352,
+      "indexType": "uint16",
+      "box": [
+        4001.23681640625,
+        -583.4852294921875,
+        -1272.7957763671875,
+        4522.517578125,
+        -568.8721313476562,
+        -977.8870849609375
+      ],
+      "sphere": [
+        4261.877197265625,
+        -576.1786804199219,
+        -1125.3414306640625,
+        287.4320899022702
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "fallback",
+      "vertices": 1200,
+      "position": 9159120,
+      "normal": 9173520,
+      "lightHeight": 9187920,
+      "index": 9192720,
+      "indexCount": 1992,
+      "indexType": "uint16",
+      "box": [
+        4018.66015625,
+        -555.4862670898438,
+        1038.4110107421875,
+        4516.66162109375,
+        -515.09326171875,
+        1858.5458984375
+      ],
+      "sphere": [
+        4267.660888671875,
+        -535.2897644042969,
+        1448.4784545898438,
+        464.8585137241389
       ]
     }
   ],
   "spill": {
-    "offset": 9987984,
+    "offset": 9196704,
     "size": 1024,
     "bounds": [
       955.9872155081416,
diff --git a/src/constants/buildings.ts b/src/constants/buildings.ts
index 559d3a4..fbc187b 100644
--- a/src/constants/buildings.ts
+++ b/src/constants/buildings.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ export const BUILDINGS = {
   assetManifestUrl: '/buildings/gwacheon.baked.json',
   assetBufferUrl: '/buildings/gwacheon.baked.bin',
   assetVersion: 1,
+  tileSize: 1000,
   metersPerLevel: 3,
   // Visual placeholders only: not a claim about actual floors.
   fallbackHeight: { apartments: 15, residential: 9, house: 6, commercial: 12, greenhouse: 3, roof: 3, school: 12, default: 9 } as Record<string, number>,
diff --git a/src/constants/character.ts b/src/constants/character.ts
index fb49464..e97ca49 100644
--- a/src/constants/character.ts
+++ b/src/constants/character.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 export const CHARACTER = {
   url: '/characters/red-sheep.glb?v=rounded-v10',
   scale: 0.62,
+  visibilityRadius: 3, // Includes raised arms, umbrella and idle hops around the ground anchor.
   selfBadgeGap: 0.12,
   outline: 0.018,
   ink: '#352724',
diff --git a/src/constants/renderQuality.ts b/src/constants/renderQuality.ts
index edcf604..e5738f9 100644
--- a/src/constants/renderQuality.ts
+++ b/src/constants/renderQuality.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 export const RENDER_QUALITY = {
+  mobileFps: 30,
   mobileCap: 1.5,
   mobilePixelBudget: 1_500_000,
   levels: [0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2] as readonly number[],
diff --git a/src/multiplayer/remotePlayers.ts b/src/multiplayer/remotePlayers.ts
index abeb7f3..a8648ca 100644
--- a/src/multiplayer/remotePlayers.ts
+++ b/src/multiplayer/remotePlayers.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
-import { type Object3D, type Raycaster, MathUtils, Vector3 } from 'three';
+import { type Camera, type Object3D, type Raycaster, Frustum, Matrix4, MathUtils, Sphere, Vector3 } from 'three';
 import type { Sheep } from '../scene/sheep.ts';
 import type { PlayerState } from './protocol.ts';
 import { MULTIPLAYER } from '../constants/multiplayer.ts';
 import { MOVEMENT } from '../constants/movement.ts';
+import { CHARACTER } from '../constants/character.ts';
 
 export function createRemotePlayers(template: Sheep, scene: Object3D, heightAt: (x: number, z: number) => number) {
   const players = new Map<string, { sheep: Sheep; state: PlayerState; from: Vector3; yaw: number; elapsed: number }>();
+  const frustum = new Frustum(), projection = new Matrix4();
+  const bounds = new Sphere(new Vector3(), CHARACTER.visibilityRadius);
   return {
     get(id: string) { return players.get(id)?.sheep.group; },
     pick(ray: Raycaster, maxDistance: number) {
@@ -54,18 +57,31 @@ export function createRemotePlayers(template: Sheep, scene: Object3D, heightAt:
         entry.sheep.setEquipment(state.equipment.umbrella, state.equipment.raincoat, state.equipment.hood, state.equipment.flashlight);
       }
     },
-    update(delta: number, serverTime: number) {
+    update(delta: number, serverTime: number, camera?: Camera) {
+      if (camera) {
+        camera.updateMatrixWorld(true);
+        frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix(projection.multiplyMatrices(camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse));
+      }
       let changed = false;
       for (const entry of players.values()) {
         const { sheep, state, from } = entry;
         const duration = MULTIPLAYER.interpolationMs / 1000;
         const interpolating = entry.elapsed < duration;
-        entry.elapsed += Math.max(0, delta);
-        const fraction = Math.min(1, entry.elapsed / duration);
-        const x = MathUtils.lerp(from.x, state.x, fraction), z = MathUtils.lerp(from.z, state.z, fraction);
-        sheep.group.position.set(x, heightAt(x, z), z);
-        const angle = Math.atan2(Math.sin(state.yaw - entry.yaw), Math.cos(state.yaw - entry.yaw));
-        sheep.group.rotation.y = entry.yaw + angle * fraction;
+        if (interpolating) {
+          entry.elapsed = Math.min(duration, entry.elapsed + Math.max(0, delta));
+          const fraction = Math.min(1, entry.elapsed / duration);
+          const x = MathUtils.lerp(from.x, state.x, fraction), z = MathUtils.lerp(from.z, state.z, fraction);
+          if (x !== sheep.group.position.x || z !== sheep.group.position.z) {
+            sheep.group.position.set(x, heightAt(x, z), z);
+          }
+          const angle = Math.atan2(Math.sin(state.yaw - entry.yaw), Math.cos(state.yaw - entry.yaw));
+          sheep.group.rotation.y = entry.yaw + angle * fraction;
+        }
+        bounds.center.copy(sheep.group.position);
+        const visible = !camera || frustum.intersectsSphere(bounds);
+        changed = changed || sheep.group.visible !== visible;
+        sheep.group.visible = visible;
+        if (!visible) continue;
         const active = sheep.pose(state.emote, Math.max(0, serverTime - state.emoteStartedAt) / 1000,
           state.moving && serverTime - state.updatedAt < MULTIPLAYER.staleMovementMs, serverTime / 1000);
         changed = changed || interpolating || active;
diff --git a/src/scene/buildings.ts b/src/scene/buildings.ts
index bb28499..863c14a 100644
--- a/src/scene/buildings.ts
+++ b/src/scene/buildings.ts
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ export async function loadBuildings(): Promise<BuildingData> {
 
 export function createBuildings(data: BuildingData, terrain: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof loadTerrain>>) {
   const group = new Group();
-  const geometries: Record<'tagged' | 'levels' | 'fallback', ExtrudeGeometry[]> = { tagged: [], levels: [], fallback: [] };
+  const geometries = { tagged: new Map<string, ExtrudeGeometry[]>(), levels: new Map<string, ExtrudeGeometry[]>(), fallback: new Map<string, ExtrudeGeometry[]>() };
   const counts = { tagged: 0, levels: 0, fallback: 0 };
   const lightSources: BuildingLightSource[] = [];
   const surface = (x: number, z: number) => terrainHeightAt(terrain.metadata, terrain.heights, x, z) - terrain.metadata.observerSurfaceElevation - (x * x + z * z) / (2 * TERRAIN.earthRadiusMeters);
@@ -107,19 +107,23 @@ export function createBuildings(data: BuildingData, terrain: Awaited<ReturnType<
     geometry.setAttribute('buildingLightHeight', new BufferAttribute(lightHeights, 1));
     geometry.rotateX(-Math.PI / 2);
     geometry.translate(x, base, z);
-    geometries[source].push(geometry);
+    const tile = `${Math.floor(x / BUILDINGS.tileSize)},${Math.floor(z / BUILDINGS.tileSize)}`;
+    const bucket = geometries[source].get(tile) ?? [];
+    bucket.push(geometry);
+    geometries[source].set(tile, bucket);
     counts[source]++;
   }
   for (const source of ['tagged', 'levels', 'fallback'] as const) {
-    if (!geometries[source].length) continue;
-    const merged = mergeGeometries(geometries[source], false)!;
-    geometries[source].forEach(g => g.dispose());
-    // Lighting uses world XZ and local height, not UVs. Retain normals and
-    // lighting heights when sharing vertices so facade/roof seams stay sharp.
-    merged.deleteAttribute('uv');
-    const indexed = indexBuildingGeometry(merged);
-    merged.dispose();
-    group.add(createBuildingMesh(source, indexed));
+    for (const bucket of geometries[source].values()) {
+      const merged = mergeGeometries(bucket, false)!;
+      bucket.forEach(g => g.dispose());
+      // Lighting uses world XZ and local height, not UVs. Retain normals and
+      // lighting heights when sharing vertices so facade/roof seams stay sharp.
+      merged.deleteAttribute('uv');
+      const indexed = indexBuildingGeometry(merged);
+      merged.dispose();
+      group.add(createBuildingMesh(source, indexed));
+    }
   }
   const target = structurePosition(BUILDINGS.target.latitude, BUILDINGS.target.longitude, terrain.metadata.origin);
   target.y = surface(target.x, target.z) + 20;
diff --git a/src/scene/frameClock.ts b/src/scene/frameClock.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7cef78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scene/frameClock.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/** Pace the whole update loop while retaining real elapsed time between accepted frames. */
+export function createFrameClock(fps: number) {
+  const interval = 1000 / fps;
+  let previous: number | undefined;
+  let next = 0;
+  return {
+    reset() { previous = undefined; next = 0; },
+    tick(now: number): number | undefined {
+      if (previous !== undefined && now + .001 < next) return;
+      const delta = previous === undefined ? 0 : Math.max(0, now - previous) / 1000;
+      next = previous === undefined || !interval ? now + interval
+        : next + (Math.floor(Math.max(0, now + .001 - next) / interval) + 1) * interval;
+      previous = now;
+      return delta;
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/scene/lobbySunrise.ts b/src/scene/lobbySunrise.ts
index 8179867..c967eff 100644
--- a/src/scene/lobbySunrise.ts
+++ b/src/scene/lobbySunrise.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ import { SUMMIT_TERRAIN } from '../constants/summitTerrain.ts';
 import { SCENE } from '../constants/scene.ts';
 import { TERRAIN } from '../constants/terrain.ts';
 import { LOBBY_CHARACTER, LOBBY_SUNRISE } from '../constants/lobby.ts';
+import { RENDER_QUALITY } from '../constants/renderQuality.ts';
+import { createFrameClock } from './frameClock.ts';
+import { renderPixelRatio } from './adaptiveResolution.ts';
 
 /** Same Gwanaksan DSM, summit correction, sky and solar disc as the observation scene. */
 export function createLobbySunrise(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
@@ -60,26 +63,33 @@ export function createLobbySunrise(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
     foreground.add(sheep.group);
     const head = sheep.group.getObjectByName('Head')!;
     const reducedMotion = matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;
+    const mobile = matchMedia('(pointer: coarse)').matches;
+    const frameClock = createFrameClock(mobile ? RENDER_QUALITY.mobileFps : Infinity);
     let progress = reducedMotion ? 1 : 0;
     let frame = 0;
     let elapsed = 0;
-    let lastFrame = 0;
+    let previousProgress = -1;
+    let gazeAngle = 0;
     const render = () => {
-      const date = new Date(LOBBY_SUNRISE.from + (LOBBY_SUNRISE.to - LOBBY_SUNRISE.from) * progress);
-      const state = calculateSun(date, observer);
-      direction.set(...directionFromAngles(state.azimuth, state.altitude));
-      sky.update(direction, state.altitude);
-      sun.update(direction, state.altitude);
-      nightSky.update(date, observer, state.altitude);
-      const moonAltitude = getMoonPosition(date, observer.latitude, observer.longitude).altitude;
-      const gazeAltitude = MathUtils.lerp(moonAltitude, state.altitude, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, -8, 0));
+      if (progress !== previousProgress) {
+        previousProgress = progress;
+        const date = new Date(LOBBY_SUNRISE.from + (LOBBY_SUNRISE.to - LOBBY_SUNRISE.from) * progress);
+        const state = calculateSun(date, observer);
+        direction.set(...directionFromAngles(state.azimuth, state.altitude));
+        sky.update(direction, state.altitude);
+        sun.update(direction, state.altitude);
+        nightSky.update(date, observer, state.altitude);
+        const moonAltitude = getMoonPosition(date, observer.latitude, observer.longitude).altitude;
+        const gazeAltitude = MathUtils.lerp(moonAltitude, state.altitude, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, -8, 0));
+        gazeAngle = -MathUtils.degToRad(MathUtils.clamp(gazeAltitude, 8, 28));
+        sheep.updateLighting(Math.max(LOBBY_CHARACTER.minimumLightingAltitude, state.altitude), 1);
+        ambient.intensity = MathUtils.lerp(0.12, 1.8, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, -8, 15));
+        fog.color.copy(night).lerp(dawn, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, -8, 0));
+        fog.color.lerp(day, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, 0, 15));
+        renderer.toneMappingExposure = MathUtils.lerp(0.12, LOBBY_SUNRISE.maxExposure, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, -12, 5));
+      }
       sheep.pose('idle', 0, false, elapsed / 1000);
-      head.rotateX(-MathUtils.degToRad(MathUtils.clamp(gazeAltitude, 8, 28)));
-      sheep.updateLighting(Math.max(LOBBY_CHARACTER.minimumLightingAltitude, state.altitude), 1);
-      ambient.intensity = MathUtils.lerp(0.12, 1.8, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, -8, 15));
-      fog.color.copy(night).lerp(dawn, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, -8, 0));
-      fog.color.lerp(day, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, 0, 15));
-      renderer.toneMappingExposure = MathUtils.lerp(0.12, LOBBY_SUNRISE.maxExposure, MathUtils.smoothstep(state.altitude, -12, 5));
+      head.rotateX(gazeAngle);
       renderer.render(scene, camera);
       const { clientWidth: width, clientHeight: height } = canvas;
       const size = Math.min(LOBBY_CHARACTER.maxSize, width * LOBBY_CHARACTER.widthFraction, height * LOBBY_CHARACTER.heightFraction);
@@ -94,19 +104,28 @@ export function createLobbySunrise(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
       const { clientWidth: width, clientHeight: height } = canvas;
       camera.aspect = width / Math.max(1, height);
       camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
-      renderer.setPixelRatio(Math.min(devicePixelRatio, LOBBY_SUNRISE.maxPixelRatio));
+      renderer.setPixelRatio(renderPixelRatio(devicePixelRatio, LOBBY_SUNRISE.maxPixelRatio, width, height, mobile));
       renderer.setSize(width, height, false);
       render();
     };
     const tick = (now: number) => {
-      if (disposed) return;
-      if (!document.hidden && lastFrame) elapsed += now - lastFrame;
-      lastFrame = now;
-      progress = MathUtils.clamp((elapsed - LOBBY_SUNRISE.nightHoldMs) / LOBBY_SUNRISE.durationMs, 0, 1);
-      if (!document.hidden) render();
+      if (disposed || document.hidden) return;
+      const delta = frameClock.tick(now);
+      if (delta !== undefined) {
+        elapsed += delta * 1000;
+        progress = MathUtils.clamp((elapsed - LOBBY_SUNRISE.nightHoldMs) / LOBBY_SUNRISE.durationMs, 0, 1);
+        render();
+      }
       if (!reducedMotion) frame = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
     };
-    const visible = () => { lastFrame = 0; if (!document.hidden) render(); };
+    const visible = () => {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(frame);
+      frameClock.reset();
+      if (!document.hidden) {
+        render();
+        if (!reducedMotion) frame = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+      }
+    };
     cleanup = () => {
       cancelAnimationFrame(frame);
       window.removeEventListener('resize', resize);
@@ -126,7 +145,7 @@ export function createLobbySunrise(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
     window.addEventListener('resize', resize);
     document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', visible);
     resize();
-    if (progress < 1) frame = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+    if (!document.hidden && progress < 1) frame = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
   })();
   return { ready, dispose() { disposed = true; cleanup?.(); cleanup = undefined; } };
 }
diff --git a/src/scene/sheep.ts b/src/scene/sheep.ts
index 8daf5e5..957b6f6 100644
--- a/src/scene/sheep.ts
+++ b/src/scene/sheep.ts
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ export function createSheep(model: Group, gear?: { umbrella: Group; raincoat: Gr
   const rigJoints = Object.fromEntries(['Head', 'ArmLeft', 'ArmRight', 'LegLeft', 'LegRight']
     .map(name => [name, group.getObjectByName(name)!]));
   const joints = rigJoints;
+  const jointEntries = Object.entries(joints);
   const rigCoatParts = coatParts.map(part => copy(part)!);
   const rigHood = copy(hood), rigFoldedHood = copy(foldedHood), rigUmbrella = copy(gear?.umbrella);
   const rigFlashlight = copy(gear?.flashlight);
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@ export function createSheep(model: Group, gear?: { umbrella: Group; raincoat: Gr
         || previousUmbrellaPose !== umbrellaPose || umbrellaPose !== Number(umbrellaOpen);
       previousMoving = moving;
       previousEmote = emote;
-      for (const [name, joint] of Object.entries(joints)) joint.quaternion.copy(rest[name]);
+      for (const [name, joint] of jointEntries) joint.quaternion.copy(rest[name]);
       joints.LegLeft.position.copy(legPositions[0]);
       joints.LegRight.position.copy(legPositions[1]);
       if (emote === 'wave') {
diff --git a/src/scene/world.ts b/src/scene/world.ts
index d5386d3..27bb038 100644
--- a/src/scene/world.ts
+++ b/src/scene/world.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ import { COAST } from '../constants/coast.ts';
 import { GISAMUN } from '../constants/gisamun.ts';
 import { createHarbour, isGisamun } from './harbour.ts';
 import { createRenderInvalidation } from './renderInvalidation.ts';
+import { createFrameClock } from './frameClock.ts';
+import { renderPixelRatio } from './adaptiveResolution.ts';
+import { RENDER_QUALITY } from '../constants/renderQuality.ts';
 import { createTerrainMinimap } from '../ui/terrainMinimap.ts';
 import { SUMMIT_TERRAIN } from '../constants/summitTerrain.ts';
 import { createSummitWalking } from '../controls/summitWalking.ts';
@@ -80,6 +83,8 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
   let sharedNow: (() => number) | null = null;
   let playerMoving = false;
   const profiling = import.meta.env.DEV && new URLSearchParams(location.search).has('profile');
+  const mobile = matchMedia('(pointer: coarse)').matches;
+  const frameClock = createFrameClock(mobile && !profiling ? RENDER_QUALITY.mobileFps : Infinity);
   let profile: ReturnType<typeof createRenderProfile> | undefined;
   let disposed = false;
   const summitStarted = performance.now();
@@ -171,6 +176,17 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
   const destinationRay = new Raycaster();
   const pointer = new Vector2();
   let cameraDistance: number = CHARACTER.cameraDistance;
+  const followPosition = new Vector3();
+  const followRotation = camera.quaternion.clone();
+  let previousCameraDistance = -1;
+  const updateFollowCamera = () => {
+    if (previousCameraDistance === cameraDistance && followPosition.equals(camera.position)
+      && followRotation.equals(camera.quaternion)) return;
+    updateThirdPersonCamera(followCamera, camera, (x, z) => harbour?.heightAt(x, z) ?? terrain.heightAt(x, z), cameraDistance);
+    followPosition.copy(camera.position);
+    followRotation.copy(camera.quaternion);
+    previousCameraDistance = cameraDistance;
+  };
   let selectedCompanion: string | undefined;
   let companionAnchor: ReturnType<typeof createCharacterOverlay> | undefined;
   const directionButton = document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('#direction-toggle')!;
@@ -180,7 +196,7 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
   const pickGround = (x: number, y: number) => {
     const bounds = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
     pointer.set((x - bounds.left) / bounds.width * 2 - 1, -(y - bounds.top) / bounds.height * 2 + 1);
-    if (sheep) updateThirdPersonCamera(followCamera, camera, (x, z) => harbour?.heightAt(x, z) ?? terrain.heightAt(x, z), cameraDistance);
+    if (sheep) updateFollowCamera();
     const view = sheep ? followCamera : camera;
     view.updateMatrixWorld(true);
     destinationRay.setFromCamera(pointer, view);
@@ -372,7 +388,8 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
     overviewCamera.updateProjectionMatrix();
     followCamera.aspect = camera.aspect;
     followCamera.updateProjectionMatrix();
-    renderer.setPixelRatio(profile?.forcedDpr ?? Math.min(devicePixelRatio, SCENE.maxPixelRatio));
+    renderer.setPixelRatio(profile?.forcedDpr ?? renderPixelRatio(devicePixelRatio,
+      mobile ? RENDER_QUALITY.mobileCap : SCENE.maxPixelRatio, innerWidth, innerHeight, mobile));
     renderer.setSize(innerWidth, innerHeight);
     composer?.setPixelRatio(renderer.getPixelRatio());
     composer?.setSize(innerWidth, innerHeight);
@@ -380,13 +397,13 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
   };
   window.addEventListener('resize', resize);
   resize();
-  let previousTime = performance.now();
   const forward = new Vector3();
   const travel = new Vector3();
-  renderer.setAnimationLoop((now) => {
+  const renderFrame = (now: number) => {
+    if (document.hidden) return;
+    const delta = frameClock.tick(now);
+    if (delta === undefined) return;
     const cpuStart = profile?.active() ? performance.now() : 0;
-    const delta = (now - previousTime) / 1000;
-    previousTime = now;
     const replayPosition = profile?.step(now);
     let moving = false;
     let turning = false;
@@ -426,7 +443,6 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
       }
     }
     playerMoving = moving;
-    if (remotePlayers?.update(delta, sharedNow ? sharedNow() : Date.now())) rendering.invalidate();
     ocean?.animate(now / 1000);
     let weatherChanged = false;
     const blend = 1 - Math.exp(-Math.min(delta, 0.1) / WEATHER.transitionSeconds);
@@ -451,9 +467,10 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
         faceTravel(sheep.group, travel, delta);
       }
       if (sheep.pose(emotes.current, emotes.elapsed, moving, now / 1000)) rendering.invalidate();
-      updateThirdPersonCamera(followCamera, camera, (x, z) => harbour?.heightAt(x, z) ?? terrain.heightAt(x, z), cameraDistance);
+      updateFollowCamera();
     }
     const activeCamera = overview ? overviewCamera : sheep ? followCamera : camera;
+    if (remotePlayers?.update(delta, sharedNow ? sharedNow() : Date.now(), activeCamera)) rendering.invalidate();
     companionAnchor?.update(activeCamera, !overview);
     flashlight?.update(flashlightOn && !overview);
     const precipitating = precipitation.update(delta, activeCamera.position, atmosphere.rain, atmosphere.snowfall,
@@ -475,7 +492,7 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
       bloom.threshold = torchActive ? FLASHLIGHT.bloomThreshold : BUILDINGS.lighting.bloomThreshold;
       bloom.radius = torchActive ? FLASHLIGHT.bloomRadius : BUILDINGS.lighting.bloomRadius;
     }
-    if (composer && !profile?.disablePost) {
+    if (composer && bloom?.enabled && !profile?.disablePost) {
       renderPass.camera = activeCamera;
       composer.render(delta);
     } else renderer.render(scene, activeCamera);
@@ -483,12 +500,21 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
     if (cpuStart) profile?.end(now, { update: updateEnd - cpuStart, minimap: minimapEnd - updateEnd,
       submit: performance.now() - minimapEnd });
     if (profile?.observe(now, true)) resize();
-  });
+  };
+  const onVisibility = () => {
+    frameClock.reset();
+    rendering.invalidate();
+    renderer.setAnimationLoop(document.hidden ? null : renderFrame);
+  };
+  document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibility);
+  onVisibility();
   const world = {
     buildingCounts: buildings?.counts,
     captureFrame(view?: PerspectiveCamera) {
       const activeCamera = view ?? (overview ? overviewCamera : sheep ? followCamera : camera);
-      if (composer && !profile?.disablePost) {
+      remotePlayers?.update(0, sharedNow ? sharedNow() : Date.now(), activeCamera);
+      rendering.invalidate();
+      if (composer && bloom?.enabled && !profile?.disablePost) {
         renderPass.camera = activeCamera;
         composer.render(0);
       } else renderer.render(scene, activeCamera);
@@ -584,14 +610,14 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
       camera.lookAt(camera.position.clone().add(forward));
       if (sheep) {
         sheep.group.rotation.y = Math.atan2(forward.x, forward.z);
-        updateThirdPersonCamera(followCamera, camera, (x, z) => harbour?.heightAt(x, z) ?? terrain.heightAt(x, z), cameraDistance);
+        updateFollowCamera();
       }
     },
     lookAtSun() {
       if (!solarState) return;
       restoreView();
       camera.lookAt(camera.position.clone().add(new Vector3(...directionFromAngles(solarState.azimuth, 0))));
-      if (sheep) updateThirdPersonCamera(followCamera, camera, (x, z) => harbour?.heightAt(x, z) ?? terrain.heightAt(x, z), cameraDistance);
+      if (sheep) updateFollowCamera();
     },
     setEyeHeight(meters: number) {
       eyeHeight = meters;
@@ -622,6 +648,7 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
       closeCompanion();
       profile?.dispose();
       renderer.setAnimationLoop(null);
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibility);
       minimap.dispose();
       compass.dispose();
       selfBadge?.dispose();
@@ -652,7 +679,7 @@ export function createWorld(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, terrainData: Awaited<Retu
   if (import.meta.env.DEV && profiling) void import('../dev/renderProfile.ts').then(({ createRenderProfile }) => {
     if (disposed) return;
     profile = createRenderProfile(renderer, scene, camera, () => world.resetPosition(), target, () =>
-      composer && !profile?.disablePost ? composer.passes.filter(pass => pass.enabled).map(pass => pass.constructor.name) : ['WebGLRenderer'], resize);
+      composer && bloom?.enabled && !profile?.disablePost ? composer.passes.filter(pass => pass.enabled).map(pass => pass.constructor.name) : ['WebGLRenderer'], resize);
     renderer.info.autoReset = false;
     resize();
   });
diff --git a/src/ui/compass.ts b/src/ui/compass.ts
index fe77ee3..1769aac 100644
--- a/src/ui/compass.ts
+++ b/src/ui/compass.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ export function createCompass() {
   const scale = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.compass-scale')!;
   const bearing = root.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.compass-bearing')!;
   const direction = new Vector3();
+  let previousHeading: number | undefined;
   const ticks = Array.from({ length: 360 / COMPASS.tickDegrees }, (_, index) => {
     const degrees = index * COMPASS.tickDegrees;
     const tick = document.createElement('span');
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ export function createCompass() {
     update(camera: Camera) {
       camera.getWorldDirection(direction);
       const heading = (Math.atan2(direction.x, -direction.z) * 180 / Math.PI + 360) % 360;
+      if (heading === previousHeading) return;
+      previousHeading = heading;
       for (const { tick, degrees } of ticks) {
         const offset = (degrees - heading + 540) % 360 - 180;
         tick.hidden = Math.abs(offset) > COMPASS.visibleDegrees / 2;
diff --git a/src/ui/timeController.ts b/src/ui/timeController.ts
index 947b9de..f7bc190 100644
--- a/src/ui/timeController.ts
+++ b/src/ui/timeController.ts
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ export class TimeController {
   };
 
   private sync = () => {
-    if (this.mode === 'LIVE') this.render(this.sharedClock ? this.sharedClock() : new Date());
+    if (!document.hidden && this.mode === 'LIVE') this.render(this.sharedClock ? this.sharedClock() : new Date());
   };
 
   private render(date: Date) {
diff --git a/tests/buildings.test.ts b/tests/buildings.test.ts
index 8165b6c..6e5566f 100644
--- a/tests/buildings.test.ts
+++ b/tests/buildings.test.ts
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ test('downloaded footprints are deduplicated, closed, and generate finite merged
   const city=createBuildings(data,terrain);
   assert.equal(Object.values(city.counts).reduce((a,b)=>a+b,0),data.features.length);
   assert.ok(city.counts.tagged>0 && city.counts.levels>0 && city.counts.fallback>0);
-  assert.ok(city.group.children.length<=3);
+  assert.ok(city.group.children.length > 3, 'separate city districts can be culled independently');
+  assert.ok(city.group.children.length < 100, 'batch buildings instead of one draw call per building');
   for(const mesh of city.group.children as Mesh[]) assert.ok(Array.from(mesh.geometry.attributes.position.array).every(Number.isFinite));
   city.dispose();
 });
diff --git a/tests/frame-clock.test.ts b/tests/frame-clock.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2aade1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/frame-clock.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createFrameClock } from '../src/scene/frameClock.ts';
+
+test('30 fps pacing retains elapsed simulation time on 60 and 120 Hz displays', () => {
+  for (const hz of [60, 120]) {
+    const clock = createFrameClock(30);
+    let frames = 0, elapsed = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i <= hz * 10; i++) {
+      const delta = clock.tick(i * 1000 / hz);
+      if (delta !== undefined) { frames++; elapsed += delta; }
+    }
+    assert.equal(frames, 301);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(elapsed - 10) < 1e-8);
+  }
+});
+
+test('resume resets elapsed time instead of simulating the hidden interval', () => {
+  const clock = createFrameClock(30);
+  clock.tick(0); clock.tick(100);
+  clock.reset();
+  assert.equal(clock.tick(60000), 0);
+  assert.equal(clock.tick(60001), undefined);
+});
diff --git a/tests/multiplayer-client.test.ts b/tests/multiplayer-client.test.ts
index f0550b2..fc11abc 100644
--- a/tests/multiplayer-client.test.ts
+++ b/tests/multiplayer-client.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { BoxGeometry, Group, Mesh, MeshBasicMaterial, Raycaster, Vector3 } from 'three';
+import { BoxGeometry, Group, Mesh, MeshBasicMaterial, PerspectiveCamera, Raycaster, Vector3 } from 'three';
 import { createServerClock } from '../src/multiplayer/clock.ts';
 import { createRemotePlayers } from '../src/multiplayer/remotePlayers.ts';
 import type { Sheep } from '../src/scene/sheep.ts';
@@ -16,6 +16,27 @@ test('server clock uses round trip midpoint and monotonic elapsed time', () => {
   assert.equal(clock.now(), 1001020);
 });
 
+test('offscreen players skip posing but keep movement current and reappear when the camera turns', () => {
+  const scene = new Group(), camera = new PerspectiveCamera(60, 1, .1, 100);
+  let poses = 0;
+  const template = { group: new Group(), clone() { return { group: new Group(), setEquipment() {},
+    pose() { poses++; return true; }, dispose() {} } as unknown as Sheep; } } as Sheep;
+  const remote = createRemotePlayers(template, scene, () => 0);
+  const player: PlayerState = { id: 'other', nickname: '친구', x: 0, z: 10, yaw: 0, moving: false,
+    emote: 'idle', equipment: { umbrella: false, raincoat: false, hood: false }, updatedAt: 1000, emoteStartedAt: 1000 };
+  remote.synchronize([player], 'self');
+  for (let i = 0; i < 300; i++) remote.update(1 / 30, 1000 + i * 1000 / 30, camera);
+  assert.equal(poses, 0);
+  assert.equal(remote.get('other')!.visible, false);
+  remote.synchronize([{ ...player, x: 2, updatedAt: 11000 }], 'self');
+  remote.update(.2, 11200, camera);
+  assert.equal(remote.get('other')!.position.x, 2);
+  camera.lookAt(2, 0, 10);
+  assert.equal(remote.update(.03, 11230, camera), true);
+  assert.equal(poses, 1);
+  assert.equal(remote.get('other')!.visible, true);
+});
+
 test('companion selection picks visible players and chooses the nearest reachable unoccupied side', () => {
   const scene = new Group();
   const geometry = new BoxGeometry(1, 2, 1), material = new MeshBasicMaterial();
@@ -51,7 +72,8 @@ test('remote snapshot reconciles membership, equipment and interpolated motion w
   let disposed = 0;
   const template = { clone() { return { group: new Group(), setEquipment: (...v: boolean[]) => equipment.push(v),
     pose: () => false, dispose() { this.group.removeFromParent(); disposed++; } } as unknown as Sheep; } } as Sheep;
-  const remote = createRemotePlayers(template, scene, () => 3);
+  let heightSamples = 0;
+  const remote = createRemotePlayers(template, scene, () => { heightSamples++; return 3; });
   const player: PlayerState = { id: 'other', nickname: '방문자', x: 0, z: 0, yaw: 0, moving: false,
     emote: 'idle', equipment: { umbrella: true, raincoat: true, hood: false, flashlight: true }, updatedAt: 1000, emoteStartedAt: 1000 };
   remote.synchronize([player, { ...player, id: 'self' }], 'self');
@@ -63,6 +85,9 @@ test('remote snapshot reconciles membership, equipment and interpolated motion w
   remote.update(.2, 1300);
   assert.equal(scene.children[0].position.x, 1);
   assert.equal(scene.children[0].position.y, 3);
+  const samplesAfterMoving = heightSamples;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 300; i++) remote.update(1 / 30, 1300 + i * 1000 / 30);
+  assert.equal(heightSamples, samplesAfterMoving, 'stationary players reuse their terrain height');
   remote.synchronize([], 'self');
   assert.equal(scene.children.length, 0);
   assert.equal(disposed, 1);